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	<title>Gaps &#38; Bridges</title>
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	<description>Building Bridges for Linguistic Gaps</description>
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		<title>Gaps &#38; Bridges</title>
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		<title>Only So Many To Go Around</title>
		<link>http://gapsandbridges.wordpress.com/2011/08/31/only-so-many-to-go-around/</link>
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		<pubDate>Wed, 31 Aug 2011 12:05:01 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Sabine</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[communication]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Marketing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Translation snippets]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[bloopers]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[branding]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[translation]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[This summer, I attended a 3-day workshop to make a RepRap, that is to say a 3D printer. We had the pleasure of meeting Adrian Bowler, the original inventor of the RepRap, and Josef Prusa, who designed the machine we built. Adrian Bowler explained to us how he came to coin the term RepRap: he [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=gapsandbridges.wordpress.com&amp;blog=11597182&amp;post=149&amp;subd=gapsandbridges&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>This summer, I attended a 3-day workshop to make a RepRap, that is to say a 3D printer. We had the pleasure of meeting Adrian Bowler, the original inventor of the RepRap, and Josef Prusa, who designed the machine we built.<br />
Adrian Bowler explained to us how he came to coin the term RepRap: he was looking for something short, simple and descriptive, like most business or product designers. He settled on Replicating Rapid Protoype and shortened it to RepRap, thinking it was a previously unused term&#8230; And as it turned out, he was wrong. Reprap is a term used in oceanography, and as it turns out, oceanographers are having a much harder time of it googling the term now, or providing visibility for their research.</p>
<p>Such are the challenges awaiting those who seek to name a brand or a product, and expanding internationally comes with its own challenges. This is when the services of translators might also come into play: they can be used as consultants to say if the name is already taken in a specific country, if it means something in the target language and if yes, what that means. For instance, Lush’s henna Caca rouge and Caca marron may well be a deliberate choice, and one suited to their target customers, but it would take a French-, Italian- or Spanish-speaking person a hefty dose of irony and trust for the brand to apply « poo » on their hair!</p>
<p>To borrow a conclusion from the great Terry Pratchett, as told by officer Carrot in The Fifth Elephant, « When you think about it, there are so many syllables to go around. »</p>
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			<media:title type="html">Sabine Sur</media:title>
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		<title>Open Source, Open For Translation &#8211; FOSDEM 2011</title>
		<link>http://gapsandbridges.wordpress.com/2011/08/29/open-source-open-for-translation-fosdem-2011/</link>
		<comments>http://gapsandbridges.wordpress.com/2011/08/29/open-source-open-for-translation-fosdem-2011/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 29 Aug 2011 11:55:39 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Sabine</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[IT]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Translation snippets]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Français Delphine Lebédel, fondatrice de l’organisation WoMoz qui vise à promouvoir la place des femmes dans l’open source, a fait une présentation sur les rôles tenus par les femmes dans ce mouvement. S’il y a peu de codeuses, les femmes sont plus nombreuses des fonctions que l’on n’associe pas à l’open source : dans le marketing [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=gapsandbridges.wordpress.com&amp;blog=11597182&amp;post=133&amp;subd=gapsandbridges&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2>Français</h2>
<p><a href="http://blog.lebedel.net/">Delphine Lebédel</a>, fondatrice de l’organisation WoMoz qui vise à promouvoir la place des femmes dans l’open source, a fait une présentation sur les rôles tenus par les femmes dans ce mouvement. S’il y a peu de codeuses, les femmes sont plus nombreuses des fonctions que l’on n’associe pas à l’open source : dans le marketing et la traduction, par exemple.</p>
<p>Les traducteurs ont été qualifiés dans une autre présentation (sur la localisation de Libre Office) de « non-technical people », non initiés à la partie technique. Pourtant, ils sont bel et bien indispensables pour faciliter, d’une part, la distribution des logiciels dans le monde en adaptant les interfaces, et d’autre part&#8230; en traduisant les observations des codeurs eux-mêmes. En effet, si chacun peut mettre son grain de sel et apporter sa contribution à une suite logicielle ou à un système d’exploitation, tout le monde ne s’exprime pas en anglais. Ainsi, un jeune homme enthousiaste, lors de sa présentation sur l’histoire de Libre Office, a montré plusieurs échanges et commentaires de codeurs allemands et fait un appel à toutes les bonnes âmes qui pourraient traduire de l’allemand vers l’anglais.</p>
<p>Il nous a montré l’un des exemples de plaisanteries germaniques qui se trouvaient dans les archives du projet, mêlées à des considérations plus sérieuses :<br />
« Alles hat ein ende, nur die wurst het zwei &#8211; cf impl_getWurst »<br />
« Tout a une fin, mais la saucisse en a deux &#8211; cf impl_getSaucisse » (et là il faut rire).</p>
<p>Au-delà de ces boutades, l’essentiel à retenir est que la traduction est au cœur du projet open source, qui a une vocation universelle. Et pas seulement la traduction de commandes d’homme à machine (la « compilation »), mais aussi et surtout la traduction pour les développeurs et les utilisateurs, en restant fidèle au socle de cette idéologie : les personnes avant tout.</p>
<h2>English</h2>
<p><a href="http://blog.lebedel.net/">Delphine Lebédel</a>, one of the founders of WoMoz, an organisation promoting women in open source, has made a presentation about women’s different roles in this movement. Not many of them are coders, but they are more present in professions that are not traditionally associated with open source: for instance, marketing and translation.</p>
<p>In another presentation (on localizing Libre Office), translators have been called ‘non-technical people’, uninitiated to the technical fineries. Yet translators are necessary to facilitate, on the one hand, software distribution by adapting UI, and on the other hand&#8230; By translating coders’ comments. Indeed, everyone may give their two cents and contribute to a software suite or an operating system, yet not everyone speaks English. This is how an enthusiastic young man doing a presentation of the history of Libre Office showed several discussions and observations by German coders and called out to all the kind souls who could provide a German to English translation.</p>
<p>He showed us one instance of the jokes that lay in the project archive, mingled with more serious considerations:<br />
‘Alles hat ein ende, nur die wurst het zwei &#8211; cf impl_getWurst’<br />
‘Everything has an end, but a sausage has two &#8211; cf impl_getSausage’ (insert laugh here)</p>
<p>Beyond this, what should be remembered is that translation lies at the core of the open source project, which has the ambition of being universal, and that translation does not only mean that of commands from man to machine (‘compilation’), but first and foremost translation for developers and users, while staying faithful to the founding principle: people first.</p>
<h2>Italiano</h2>
<p><a href="http://blog.lebedel.net/">Delphine Lebédel</a>, una delle fondatrice di WoMoz, un&#8217;associazione per la promozione delle donne nell&#8217;open source, ha fatto une presentazione sulle lore imieghi nel movimiento. Nel codare non ci sono molte donne, oppure ci sono molto più nelle occupazioni non ovviamente legate all&#8217;open source : il marketing o la traduzione, per esempio.</p>
<p>In un&#8217;altra presentazione sulla localisazione di Libre Office furono i traduttori qualificati di &#8220;non-technical people&#8221;, gente non iniziata alla parte tecnica. Però i traduttori sono necessari per facilitare, da una parte, la distribuzione dei software nel mondo con l&#8217;adaptazione delle interfaci, et dall&#8217;altra parte&#8230; par tradurre le osservazioni dei programmatori stessi. Invece, nell&#8217;open source tutti possono apportare la loro participazione o dare le loro suggezzioni su un set di software o su un sistema operativo, ma non tutti s&#8217;esprimano nell&#8217;inglese. Invece il entusiastico giovan&#8217;uomo che presentava ha monstrato dei scambi e commentari di programmatori tedeschi e ha dimandato l&#8217;aiuto de tutti quelli chi potrebbero gentilmente tradurre del tedesco all&#8217;inglese.</p>
<p>Ci ha mostrato une dei esempi di battute tedesche nelle archivi del progetto, tra due considerazioni più seriose:<br />
« Alles hat ein ende, nur die wurst het zwei &#8211; cf impl_getWurst »<br />
« Tutto trova la sua extremità, ma nella salsicia ci sono due &#8211; cf impl_getSalsicia » (qui se deve ridere).</p>
<p>L&#8217;essenza, oltre que le battute, è che la traduzione si trova al cuore del progetto open source di cui l&#8217;ambizione è universale; qui la traduzione non significa solamente la conversione di commande dell&#8217;uomo alla macchina (&#8220;compilazione&#8221;) oppure, sopratutto, la traduzione per i svilupattori e gli utenti, rimanendo fedele alle fondazione de questa ideologia: le persone prevalano.</p>
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			<media:title type="html">Sabine Sur</media:title>
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		<title>How language transformed humanity</title>
		<link>http://gapsandbridges.wordpress.com/2011/08/05/how-language-transformed-humanity/</link>
		<comments>http://gapsandbridges.wordpress.com/2011/08/05/how-language-transformed-humanity/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 05 Aug 2011 13:34:44 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Sabine</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[communication]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[evolution]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[globalisation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[language]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[TEDtalks]]></category>

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			<media:title type="html">Sabine Sur</media:title>
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		<title>FOSDEM &#8211; &gt; FLOSS. FLOSS = ?</title>
		<link>http://gapsandbridges.wordpress.com/2011/02/19/fosdem-floss-floss/</link>
		<comments>http://gapsandbridges.wordpress.com/2011/02/19/fosdem-floss-floss/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 19 Feb 2011 08:36:41 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Sabine</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[communication]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[IT]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Debian tartan]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[FLOSS]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[FOSDEM]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Français Le FOSDEM est le lieu de rendez-vous des développeurs européens de logiciel open source, dit FLOSS. FLOSS Free &#8211; libre, ou gratuit &#8211; mais tous les logiciels open source ne sont pas gratuits. L’anglais présente une ambiguïté, corrigée au terme suivant&#8230; Libre &#8211; Emprunté aux langues romanes. Comme le dit Richard Stallman (le fondateur [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=gapsandbridges.wordpress.com&amp;blog=11597182&amp;post=81&amp;subd=gapsandbridges&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h3>Français</h3>
<p><font face="Georgia"></p>
<p>Le FOSDEM est le lieu de rendez-vous des développeurs européens de logiciel open source, dit FLOSS.</p>
<p>FLOSS<br />
Free &#8211; libre, ou gratuit &#8211; mais tous les logiciels open source ne sont pas gratuits. L’anglais présente une ambiguïté, corrigée au terme suivant&#8230;<br />
Libre &#8211; Emprunté aux langues romanes. Comme le dit Richard Stallman (le fondateur du mouvement Open Source pour les PC), « think free as in free speech, not free beer »). N’est pas non soumis aux impératifs de rentabilité des entreprises. Chez la communauté FLOSS, les gens passent avant tout, du moins c’est l’idée.<br />
Open source &#8211; le code-source est disponible et peut être enrichi ou corrigé par les utilisateurs.<br />
Software &#8211; Logiciel. Celui-là n’est pas très difficile <img src='http://s1.wp.com/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_wink.gif' alt=';)' class='wp-smiley' /> </p>
<p>Intriguée par les kilts arborés par certains visiteurs, j’ai appris que la communauté Debian avait créé son propre <a href="http://www.tartanregister.gov.uk/tartanDetails.aspx?ref=5936">tartan</a>. En ce moment, je lis un essai d&#8217;ethnologie sur cette communauté, qui présente le modèle juridique de l&#8217;open source et du copyleft.</p>
<p></font></p>
<h3>English</h3>
<p><font face="Helvetica">FLOSS<br />
Free &#8211; free as in free speech, but also as in free beer, to paraphrase Richard Stallman, the founder of the Open Source movement for PCs &#8211; the English word&#8217;s ambiguity is suppressed by the next term&#8230;<br />
Libre &#8211; Borrowed from Romance languages. Not submitted to corporations&#8217; profit imperative. People come first in the FLOSS community, at least that&#8217;s the idea.<br />
Open source &#8211; Source code is available and can be improved or fixed by users.<br />
Software &#8211; This one is self-evident <img src='http://s1.wp.com/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_wink.gif' alt=';)' class='wp-smiley' /> &nbsp;</p>
<p>I was surprised to see several men wearing kilts and learnt that Debian had created their own <a href="http://www.tartanregister.gov.uk/tartanDetails.aspx?ref=5936">tartan</a>. I am reading an ethnological essay about this community now. The essay presents open source and copyleft legal models.<br />
</font>
</div>
<h2>Italiano</h2>
<p><font face="Times">FLOSS<br />
Free &#8211; libero o gratis &#8211; ma tutti i software open source non vengono gratis. C&#8217;è nell&#8217;inglese un&#8217;ambiguità che viene corretta nella parola seguente&#8230;<br />
Libre &#8211; Dalle lingue romane. Come lo dice Richard Stallman (fondatore del movimento Open Source per i PC), « think free as in free speech, not free beer »). Non è sottomesso ai imperativi di rentabilità delle ditte &#8211; bè, almeno è il concetto.<br />
Open source &#8211; il codice fonte è disponibile, si può arrichiare o corrigere dai utenti.<br />
Software &#8211; Questo non ho bisogno di spiegare <img src='http://s1.wp.com/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_wink.gif' alt=';)' class='wp-smiley' /> &nbsp;</p>
<p>Fui sorpresa di vedere alcuni uomini con un kilt. Ho scoperto che la comunità Debian ha creato su proprio <a href="http://www.tartanregister.gov.uk/tartanDetails.aspx?ref=5936">tartan</a>. Sono leggendo un saggistica etnografico su questa comunità, il modello giuridico dell&#8217;open source e del copyleft.<br />
</font>
</div>
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			<media:title type="html">Sabine Sur</media:title>
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		<title>FOSDEM : LibreGraphics</title>
		<link>http://gapsandbridges.wordpress.com/2011/02/16/fosdem%c2%a0-libregraphics/</link>
		<comments>http://gapsandbridges.wordpress.com/2011/02/16/fosdem%c2%a0-libregraphics/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 16 Feb 2011 16:10:46 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Sabine</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[communication]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Literature]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Marketing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[FOSDEM]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[GitHub]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[LibreGraphics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[magazine]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Français Il y a beaucoup de choses à dire sur la dernière édition du FOSDEM, qui s&#8217;est tenue à l&#8217;Université Libre de Bruxelles le week-end du 5/6 février&#8230; Je compte faire une série de posts sur la question. Le FOSDEM est un bon endroit pour découvrir toutes sortes d&#8217;innovations. L&#8217;une des présentations éclair les plus [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=gapsandbridges.wordpress.com&amp;blog=11597182&amp;post=87&amp;subd=gapsandbridges&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2>Français</h2>
<p>Il y a beaucoup de choses à dire sur la dernière édition du FOSDEM, qui s&#8217;est tenue à l&#8217;Université Libre de Bruxelles le week-end du 5/6 février&#8230; Je compte faire une série de posts sur la question.</p>
<p>Le FOSDEM est un bon endroit pour découvrir toutes sortes d&#8217;innovations. L&#8217;une des présentations éclair les plus intéressantes était un exposé sur <a href="http://libregraphicsmag.com">LibreGraphics</a>, un nouveau magazine pour les graphistes qui utilisent des logiciels open source. </p>
<p>Le magazine a une stratégie de promotion radicale : la moitié des exemplaires imprimés est donnée, gratuitement, à des fins de publicité. Évidemment, tout cela ne nourrit pas son homme, et l&#8217;équipe de rédaction sollicite également des dons sous forme directe (ils ont également fait un appel à texte et à des contributions diverses).</p>
<p>Il est intéressant de voir l&#8217;évolution des modèles économiques. Le mélange entre don à des fins promotionnelles et vente n&#8217;est pas nouveau, dans l&#8217;édition ou ailleurs. Mais proposer 50 % du nombre d&#8217;exemplaires en distribution gratuite représente une belle augmentation de la proportion habituelle, et je me demande si l&#8217;appel direct aux dons, d&#8217;un montant laissé à l&#8217;appréciation du donateur, va se généraliser.</p>
<p>Le magazine, en tout cas, vaut la peine d&#8217;être vu : <a href="http://libregraphicsmag.com">http://libregraphicsmag.com</a>. Le code-source est disponible sur <a href="http://gitorious.org/libregraphicsmag">Gitorious</a> (modifié après le commentaire de Ginger Coons).</font></p>
<p>________________________________________</p>
<h2>English</h2>
<p>There are many things to say about FOSDEM&#8217;s latest edition, which took place at ULB on February 5th and 6th – I intend to write a series of posts about it.</p>
<p>FOSDEM is a good place to find out about all sorts of innovation. One of the most interesting lightning talks was a presentation of newcomer magazine <a href="http://libregraphicsmag.com/">LibreGraphics</a>, for graphic designers who use open source software. </p>
<p>The magazine has an agressive advertising strategy: half of the printed copies are given, free of charge, for promotional purposes. The team isn&#8217;t making a living out of it, of course. They asked for direct donation, on top of submissions and miscellaneous contributions. </p>
<p>It is interesting to see how economic models evolve. The combination of promotional gifts and selling is not new in publishing, or elsewhere. Yet, giving away 50% of the number of copies for free represents a hefty increase of the usual proportion and I wonder whether the call for direct donation, for a amount that donators are free to determine, is going to become a staple. </p>
<p>It is well worth checking out the magazine: <a href="http://libregraphicsmag.com">http://libregraphicsmag.com</a>. Source code is available on <a href="http://gitorious.org/libregraphicsmag">Gitorious</a> (edited after Ginger Coons&#8217; comment).</font><br />
_________________________________________________________________</p>
<h2>Italiano</h2>
<p>Ci sono tante cose a dire sull&#8217;ultimo FOSDEM, avvenuto all&#8217;Università Libra di Bruxelles nel 5/6 febbraio&#8230; Penso di farne una serie di articoli.</p>
<p>Il FOSDEM è ottimo per scoprire nuovi invenzioni e prodotti. Una delle migliore intervenzioni veloce fu une presentazione della nuova rivista <a href="http://libregraphicsmag.com/">LibreGraphics</a> per i grafici che usano dei software open source. </p>
<p>La rivista tiene una strategia promozionale radicale: il mezzo del numero di esemplari imprimati viene data gratuitamente per farne la publicità. Va senza dire che la redazione non ha un salario, e sollicita anche dirette donazioni, oltre a testi e contribuzioni varie.</p>
<p>E&#8217; interessante osservare l&#8217;evoluzione dei modelli economici. Combinare vendita e distribuzione gratuita non è una strategia nuova, che se fosse per l&#8217;edizione o altro. Ma offrire 50% del numero d&#8217;esemplari gratuitamente è una bella aumentazione della proporzione abituale, e mi chiedo se la domanda diretta per i donazioni (di una somma che il donatore scelte se stesso) va a generalizzare.</p>
<p>La rivista merita di essere vista: <a href="http://libregraphicsmag.com">http://libregraphicsmag.com</a>. Il codice fonte si può consultare su <a href="http://gitorious.org/libregraphicsmag">Gitorious</a> (modificato dopo il commentario di Ginger Coons).</font></p>
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		<title>Dans l&#8217;ombre, les plumes guettent</title>
		<link>http://gapsandbridges.wordpress.com/2011/02/04/dans-lombre-les-plumes-guettent/</link>
		<comments>http://gapsandbridges.wordpress.com/2011/02/04/dans-lombre-les-plumes-guettent/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 04 Feb 2011 17:27:24 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Sabine</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Literature]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Marketing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Translation snippets]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ghostwriter]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[plume de l'ombre]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[politiquement correct]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[rédacteur]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Nombreux sont ceux qui ont une idée de livre mais ni le temps, ni la patience de se consacrer à l’écriture, ou encore les stars et demi-stars à qui un éditeur propose d’écrire leurs mémoires, mais qui n’ont aucune envie de s’astreindre à écrire plusieurs heures par jour. à l’inverse, beaucoup d’auteurs, de journalistes et [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=gapsandbridges.wordpress.com&amp;blog=11597182&amp;post=63&amp;subd=gapsandbridges&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Nombreux sont ceux qui ont une idée de livre mais ni le temps, ni la patience de se consacrer à l’écriture, ou encore les stars et demi-stars à qui un éditeur propose d’écrire leurs mémoires, mais qui n’ont aucune envie de s’astreindre à écrire plusieurs heures par jour. à l’inverse, beaucoup d’auteurs, de journalistes et de rédacteurs qui ne demandent qu’à écrire toute la journée contre rémunération. L’union serait idéale. Pourquoi ne pas les faire se rencontrer ? Tout le monde y gagnerait.</p>
<p>Naturellement, le nom qui serait mis en avant ne sera pas celui du gratte-papier, qui restera dans l’ombre, à travailler sans gloire. Un peu comme un esclave, quoi. Au dix-neuvième siècle, on appelait ces écrivains anonymes des nègres.</p>
<p>Le plus célèbre des « nègres », c’est Auguste Maquet, qui aurait écrit une bonne partie des oeuvres de Dumas (http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/essais/20100210.BIB0489/auguste-maquet-portrait-d-039-un-negre.html). Les premiers livres de Colette ont également été signés du nom de son mari, Willy, une célébrité à l’époque. La profession existe encore. </p>
<p>Reste le mot, gênant, dépassé : « nègre ». Les anglophones parlent de « ghostwriter » et n’ont donc pas la même préoccupation. Peut-on imaginer une nouvelle dénomination, qui reste claire et appropriée ?</p>
<p>On parlait parfois, dans l’édition, à partir du 18ème siècle, de « teinturier » : c’est celui qui donne du relief à un texte un peu plat. Le terme est joli, mais n’a pas tout à fait le même sens et ne peut donc remplacer « nègre ».</p>
<p>On peut penser à des expressions composées avec « plume » : oui, tout le monde écrit au clavier maintenant, mais ce n’est pas une raison. La plume, cela évoque la Littérature, des écrivains en chemise blanche, avec les cheveux poudrés, en train d’écrire des oeuvres de génie à la lumière de la bougie, dans une série de petits crissements entre la plume et le papier.</p>
<p>« Plume de l’ombre » : le plus proche du « ghostwriter », il montre la place discrète dévolue aux « nègres ».  Les littéraires l’apprécient. Le terme évoque le secret, les romans d’aventure.</p>
<p>« Prête-plume » : parfois utilisé dans la presse, il évoque le porte-plume et la chanson Au clair de la lune.</p>
<p>« Rédacteur » : le plus business. Un homme d’affaires peut sans rougir dire à ses collègues qu’il a rendez-vous avec son rédacteur pour travailler sur son projet de livre. C’est aussi le plus sobre. Je n’ai jamais vu de contrat entre une maison d’édition et un « nègre » (j’imagine qu’il doit s’agir d’un contrat de prestation de services), mais cela semblerait le terme plus probable dans ce contexte, avec « auteur ». Le côté professionnel disparaît si l&#8217;on veut préciser l&#8217;anonymat et qu&#8217;on parle de « rédacteur masqué ». On peut se contenter d&#8217;être « rédacteur anonyme », voire « rédacteur en sous-main ».</p>
<p>De plus en plus, le « nègre » sort de l’ombre et son nom est cité à la page de garde du livre. Les éditeurs parlent alors de « métis ». On peut aussi se contenter du terme de « co-auteur » ou utiliser le terme extrêmement polyvalent de « collaborateur ».</p>
<p>Quelques liens pour en savoir plus :</p>
<p>http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nègre_(littérature)</p>
<p>http://www.lalettrine.com/article-18490632-6.html</p>
<p>http://www.lexpress.fr/culture/livre/les-negres-de-l-edition-s-affranchissent_849507.html</p>
<p>  _________________</p>
<p><em>A quill is lurking in the shadow&#8230;</em><br />Many people have a book idea, but not all of them have the time or the desire to actually sit down and write it. Many writers are willing to make a living writing. Isn&#8217;t the alliance of the two a match made in heaven?<br />
Ghostwriting, as the process of writing a book for another is called, is a lucrative business and a common practice. &#8220;Ghostwriter&#8221; is all very well in English, but the French alternative (&#8220;nigger&#8221;) is slightly more distateful today&#8230; I suggest a few alternatives here, ranging from the literary to the technical &#8211; exploring all sorts of made-up phrases, from &#8220;penning in the shadow&#8221; and &#8220;mercenary penning&#8221; to the more self-explanatory &#8220;co-author&#8221; and &#8220;collaborator&#8221;.</p>
<p>__________________</p>
<p><em>Une piuma fa la guardia nell&#8217;oscurità&#8230;</em><br />Gli inglesi dicono &#8220;ghostwriter&#8221; o &#8220;scrittori fantasma&#8221;, gli francesi dicono &#8220;scrittori negri&#8221;: Che politicamente incoretto! Probo di trovare alcuni sinonimi, tra fantasia letteraria e serio d&#8217;affari.</p>
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			<media:title type="html">Sabine Sur</media:title>
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		<title>FOSDEM 2011</title>
		<link>http://gapsandbridges.wordpress.com/2011/01/30/fosdem-2011/</link>
		<comments>http://gapsandbridges.wordpress.com/2011/01/30/fosdem-2011/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 30 Jan 2011 14:59:17 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Sabine</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[communication]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Translation: nuts & bolts]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[FLOSS]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[FOSDEM]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[open source]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Le programme du FOSDEM est en ligne ! Cette année, pas mal de présentations sur l&#8217;éthique du logiciel libre et l&#8217;attitude des politiques à son égard. Wikileaks et le rachat de Sun sont passés par là&#8230; Une seule présentation sur la l10n : la localisation de Libre Office. The FOSDEM schedule is live! Apparently no talk about [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=gapsandbridges.wordpress.com&amp;blog=11597182&amp;post=55&amp;subd=gapsandbridges&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://www.fosdem.org"><img src="http://www.fosdem.org/promo/going-to" alt="I'm going to FOSDEM, the Free and Open Source Software Developers' European Meeting" /></a></p>
<p>Le programme du FOSDEM est en ligne ! Cette année, pas mal de présentations sur l&#8217;éthique du logiciel libre et l&#8217;attitude des politiques à son égard. Wikileaks et le rachat de Sun sont passés par là&#8230;<br />
Une seule présentation sur la l10n : la localisation de Libre Office.</p>
<p>The <a href="http://fosdem.org/2011/schedule/days">FOSDEM schedule</a> is live! Apparently no talk about l10n or l20n this year except for this talk on <a href="http://fosdem.org/2011/schedule/event/l10nlibreoffice">localizing LibreOffice</a>, but a lot of interesting talks on politics and the ethics of free software. </p>
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			<media:title type="html">I'm going to FOSDEM, the Free and Open Source Software Developers' European Meeting</media:title>
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		<title>Translation in the 25th century?</title>
		<link>http://gapsandbridges.wordpress.com/2010/10/26/translation-in-the-25th-century/</link>
		<comments>http://gapsandbridges.wordpress.com/2010/10/26/translation-in-the-25th-century/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 26 Oct 2010 12:39:50 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Sabine</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[CAT revolution]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[future of translation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[translator writer]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://gapsandbridges.wordpress.com/?p=43</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Last night in Dutch class, we had to do a game: which professions would still exist in the 25th century? Which would have disappeared? Of course, translation was also in question. What about machines? Couldn’t they do translation now? Some had used Google Translate, and it worked fine for them&#8230; Machine translation is now a [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=gapsandbridges.wordpress.com&amp;blog=11597182&amp;post=43&amp;subd=gapsandbridges&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Last night in Dutch class, we had to do a game: which professions would still exist in the 25th century? Which would have disappeared?</p>
<p>Of course, translation was also in question. What about machines? Couldn’t they do translation now? Some had used Google Translate, and it worked fine for them&#8230;</p>
<p>Machine translation is now a reality; yet, the famous application Google Translate is the tip of the iceberg. Professional translators do not resort yet to machine translation because it is not up to par, but most use TenTs &#8211; and with the increasing demand on translation these days, if it were not for TenTs, there would not be enough translators to face the amount of work to be done.</p>
<p>What I imagine is that there still will be translators in the future. Why?</p>
<p>- Translators are writers. There will always be a need for good writers: People who can present information in a clear, understandable way. People who can use words to achieve a certain effect on an audience.<br />
- Translators are mediators between different cultures. There will always be a need for that, because people will stick to their cultures and their languages. </p>
<p>The profession will certainly change in the future: it has changed a lot since the 1980s’ after all. But these two aspects? They look pretty timeless to me.</p>
<p>Per Dohler has an interesting post about what it is to be a translator, or be someone merely posing as a translator, the CAT revolution, and the prediction “translators will be obsolete in ten years”:</p>
<p>http://www.accurapid.com/journal/23prof.htm</p>
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			<media:title type="html">Sabine Sur</media:title>
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		<title>A Rose by Any Other Name Would Not Smell As Sweet</title>
		<link>http://gapsandbridges.wordpress.com/2010/09/27/a-rose-by-any-other-name-would-not-smell-as-sweet/</link>
		<comments>http://gapsandbridges.wordpress.com/2010/09/27/a-rose-by-any-other-name-would-not-smell-as-sweet/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 27 Sep 2010 15:59:53 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Sabine</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[belgie]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Belgium]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[bruges]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[dutch]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[linguistic border]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[what language to speak in bruges]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://gapsandbridges.wordpress.com/?p=39</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[This potential client had found me on Proz. He was looking for an interpreter &#8211; too bad I don’t do interpreting. Just someone who would keep his pregnant wife company, really, for a few days, and assist her in the shops, while he was out attending A Serious Business Conference. He wanted to get my [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=gapsandbridges.wordpress.com&amp;blog=11597182&amp;post=39&amp;subd=gapsandbridges&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>This potential client had found me on Proz. He was looking for an interpreter &#8211; too bad I don’t do interpreting. Just someone who would keep his pregnant wife company, really, for a few days, and assist her in the shops, while he was out attending A Serious Business Conference. He wanted to get my rates to make a transfer straight away. Too bad it sounded like a familiar scam (“Oh, I’ve transferred too much money accidentally, can you transfer me the difference back? The funds will show on your account in a few days, I promise”). The gentleman introduced himself by one name and signed his e-mail by another name. Too bad that I don’t trust people who change names so quickly, even though I fully embrace everyone’s right to reinvent themselves.</p>
<p>But the best bit was this: he was allegedly coming to Bruges and was looking for someone who would speak French. In Bruges. In Flanders. In a staunchly chauvinistic region, where people have fought for decades to gain respect for their language: Dutch. If he and his wife were real persons and if they did come to Bruges to speak French, I do not know what would have happened to them. Flemish shopkeepers sometimes speak a bit of French because they care about business, but some French-speaking people have reported being deliberately ignored.</p>
<p>Too bad he did not know about Belgium’s dual identity, even though its troubles had just made it into international news.</p>
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			<media:title type="html">Sabine Sur</media:title>
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		<title>“You’ve just missed a job opportunity”</title>
		<link>http://gapsandbridges.wordpress.com/2010/05/28/youve-just-missed-a-job-opportunity/</link>
		<comments>http://gapsandbridges.wordpress.com/2010/05/28/youve-just-missed-a-job-opportunity/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 28 May 2010 17:20:23 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Sabine</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[communication]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Translation: nuts & bolts]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[choosing a LSP]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[finding the right translator]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[translation]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://gapsandbridges.wordpress.com/?p=37</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Never have I been so relieved to turn down a job opportunity.<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=gapsandbridges.wordpress.com&amp;blog=11597182&amp;post=37&amp;subd=gapsandbridges&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The young man looked sincerely disappointed as he told me this. We were drinking a pint with other people after having danced our hearts out at the <a href="http://www.kuleuven.be/cultuur/beiaard/beiaardfestibal.htm">Beiaard bal</a> (a nice opportunity to practise Dutch and learn folk dances at the same time). We had started talking; he was looking for a translator. To his surprise, I, a freelancer, turned down an opportunity to work for him, a direct client.</p>
<p>He wanted a Dutch to English translation. In the biomedical field. For a text he’d written.</p>
<p>He had just obtained his PhD, just to give an idea of his level.</p>
<p>Never have I been so relieved to turn down a job opportunity.</p>
<p>He then complained that previous translations he had got were lousy. </p>
<p>« This is not supposed to happen » I said. « Translators are supposed to be knowledgeable about their field. »</p>
<p>« Yes, but how can you choose a translator when all you have is a phone book and a list of names? » He replied.</p>
<p>« Many translators have websites, where they list their specific skills and language pairs. » I said « And there is a new network called <a href="http://cooperative.ning.com/">The Research Cooperative</a> designed to bring researchers and translators together. You need a specialised translator, and you might just find the right one here. »</p>
<p>It always surprises me how little people know about translation and freelancing . Informing them offers mutual benefits: first, for you as a translator &#8212; even if they are not looking for someone with your skillset you come across as helpful, and they might pass on your name to somebody else &#8212; but mostly for them. It helps them select the right LSP. </p>
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			<media:title type="html">Sabine Sur</media:title>
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